Class 9 Science
Materials
UNIT I
Matter-Nature and Behaviour
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Matter-Nature and Behaviour:
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Definition of matter; solid, liquid and gas; characteristics - shape, volume, density; change of state-melting (absorption of heat), freezing, evaporation (cooling by evaporation), condensation, sublimation.
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Nature of matter:
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Elements, compounds and mixtures. Heterogeneous and homogenous mixtures, colloids and suspensions.
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Particle nature, basic units:
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Atoms and molecules, Law of constant proportions, Atomic and molecular masses. Mole concept: Relationship of mole to mass of the particles and numbers.
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Structure of atoms:
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Electrons, protons and neutrons, valency, chemical formula of common compounds. Isotopes and Isobars.
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The World of the Living
UNIT II
Organization in the Living World
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Cell - Basic Unit of life :
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Cell as a basic unit of life; prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, multicellular organisms; cell membrane and cell wall, cell organelles and cell inclusions; chloroplast, mitochondria, vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus; nucleus, chromosomes - basic structure, number.
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Tissues, Organs, Organ System, Organism:
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Structure and functions of animal and plant tissues (only four types of tissues in animals; Meristematic and Permanent tissues in plants).
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Biological Diversity:
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Diversity of plants and animals-basic issues in scientific naming, basis of classification. Hierarchy of categories / groups, Major groups of plants (salient features) (Bacteria, Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms). Major groups of animals (salient features) (Non-chordates upto phyla and chordates upto classes).
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Health and Diseases:
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Health and its failure. Infectious and Non-infectious diseases, their causes and manifestation. Diseases caused by microbes (Virus, Bacteria and Protozoans) and their prevention; Principles of treatment and prevention. Pulse Polio programmes.
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Moving Things, People and Ideas
UNIT III
Motion, Force and Work
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Motion:
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Distance and displacement, velocity; uniform and non-uniform motion along a straight line; acceleration, distance-time and velocity-time graphs for uniform motion and uniformly accelerated motion, derivation of equations of motion by graphical method; elementary idea of uniform circular motion.
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Force and Newton’s laws :
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Force and Motion, Newton’s Laws of Motion, Action and Reaction forces, Inertia of a body, Inertia and mass, Momentum, Force and Acceleration. Elementary idea of conservation of Momentum.
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Gravitation:
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Gravitation; Universal Law of Gravitation, Force of Gravitation of the earth (gravity), Acceleration due to Gravity; Mass and Weight; Free fall.
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Floatation:
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Thrust and Pressure. Archimedes’ Principle; Buoyancy; Elementary idea of Relative Density.
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Work, energy and power:
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Work done by a Force, Energy, power; Kinetic and Potential energy; Law of conservation of energy.
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Sound:
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Nature of sound and its propagation in various media, speed of sound, range of hearing in humans; ultrasound; reflection of sound; echo and SONAR. Structure of the Human Ear (Auditory aspect only).
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Natural Resources: Balance in nature
UNIT IV
Our
Environment
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Physical resources:
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Air, Water, Soil. Air for respiration, for combustion, for moderating temperatures; movements of air and its role in bringing rains across India. Air, water and soil pollution (brief introduction). Holes in ozone layer and the probable damages.
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Bio-geo chemical cycles in nature:
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Water, Oxygen, Carbon and Nitrogen.
Food
UNIT V
Food Production
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Food Production:
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Plant and animal breeding and selection for quality improvement and management; Use of fertilizers and manures; Protection from pests and diseases; Organic farming.
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